[Vision2020] Vision2020 Digest, Vol 22, Issue 43

Tue Apr 15 13:19:13 PDT 2008

This sounds similar to a process I recently heard about here where bacteria can be genetically engineered to produce gasoline as a waste by-product.  This is the same concept where good bacteria will be engineered to take over bad bacteria in our mouths to eradicate cavities and gingivitis that could lead to a wealth of other health issues to solve.  Beer-tech may save the day!

Making Gasoline from Bacteria
A biotech startup wants to coax fuels from engineered microbes.
By Neil Savage

The biofuel of the future could well be gasoline. That's the hope of one biotech startup that on Monday described for the first time how it is coaxing bacteria into producing hydrocarbons that could be processed into fuels like those made from petroleum.
LS9, a company based in San Carlos, CA, and founded by geneticist George Church, of Harvard Medical School, and plant biologist Chris Somerville, of Stanford University, had previously said that it was working on what it calls "renewable petroleum." But at a Society for Industrial Microbiology conference on Monday, the company began speaking more openly about what it has accomplished: it has genetically engineered various bacteria, including E. coli, to custom-produce hydrocarbon chains.

To do this, the company is employing tools from the field of synthetic biology to modify the genetic pathways that bacteria, plants, and animals use to make fatty acids, one of the main ways that organisms store energy. Fatty acids are chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms strung together in a particular arrangement, with a carboxylic acid group made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen attached at one end. Take away the acid, and you're left with a hydrocarbon that can be made into fuel. 

"I am very impressed with what they're doing," says James Collins, codirector of the Center for Advanced Biotechnology at Boston University. He calls the company's use of synthetic biology and systems biology to engineer hydrocarbon-producing bacteria "cutting edge."
In some cases, LS9's researchers used standard recombinant DNA techniques to insert genes into the microbes. In other cases, they redesigned known genes with a computer and synthesized them. The resulting modified bacteria make and excrete hydrocarbon molecules that are the length and molecular structure the company desires.

Stephen del Cardayre, a biochemist and LS9's vice president for research and development, says the company can make hundreds of different hydrocarbon molecules. The process can yield crude oil without the contaminating sulfur that much petroleum out of the ground contains. The crude, in turn, would go to a standard refinery to be processed into automotive fuel, jet fuel, diesel fuel, or any other petroleum product that someone wanted to make. 

Next year LS9 will build a pilot plant in California to test and perfect the process, and the company hopes to be selling improved biodiesel and providing synthetic biocrudes to refineries for further processing within three to five years. (See "Building Better Biofuels.") But LS9 isn't the only company in this game. Amyris Biotechnologies, of Emeryville, CA, is also using genes from plants and animals to make microbes produce designer fuels. Neil Renninger, senior vice president of development and one of the company's cofounders, says that Amyris has also created bacteria capable of supplying renewable hydrocarbon-based fuels. The main difference between the companies, Renninger says, is that while LS9 is working on a biocrude that would be processed in a refinery, Amyris is working on directly producing fuels that would need little or no further processing. 

Amyris is also working on a pilot production plant that it expects to complete by the end of next year, and it also hopes to have commercial products available within three or four years. (See "A Better Biofuel.") Both companies say they want to further engineer their bacteria to be more efficient, and they're working to optimize the overall production process. "The potential for biofuels is huge, and I think theirs [LS9's] is one possible solution," Renninger says.

Indeed, many technology approaches are needed, says Craig Venter, cofounder and CEO of Synthetic Genomics, of Rockland, MD, which is also applying biotechnology to fuel production. "We need a hundred, a thousand solutions, not just one," he says. "I know at least a dozen groups and labs trying to make biofuels from bacteria with sugar."

Venter's company is also working on engineering microbes to produce fuel. The company recently received a large investment from the oil giant BP to study the microbes that live on underground oil supplies; the idea is to see if the microbes can be engineered to provide cleaner fuel. Another project aims to tinker with the genome of palm trees--the most productive source of oil for biodiesel--to make them a less environmentally damaging crop. 

LS9's current work uses sugar derived from corn kernels as the food source for the bacteria--the same source used by ethanol-producing yeast. To produce greater volumes of fuel, and to not have energy competing with food, both approaches will need to use cellulosic biomass, such as switchgrass, as the feedstock. Del Cardayre estimates that cellulosic biomass could produce about 2,000 gallons of renewable petroleum per acre.

Producing hydrocarbon fuels is more efficient than producing ethanol, del Cardayre adds, because the former packs about 30 percent more energy per gallon. And it takes less energy to produce, too. The ethanol produced by yeast needs to be distilled to remove the water, so ethanol production requires 65 percent more energy than hydrocarbon production does.
The U.S. Department of Energy has set a goal of replacing 30 percent of current petroleum use with fuels from renewable biological sources by 2030, and del Cardayre says he feels that's easily achievable.

Comments

Greenhouse gas emissions?Chad on 08/01/2007 at 11:13 AM

Posts:6 

This article mentions that there are no amounts of sulfur in the biofuel compared to standard petroleum and that it can make a biofuel with an energy output level comparitive to gasoline (versus corn ethanol's weak output - 30% less), but it doesn't describe how clean the fuel burns.  Has this been described in any other articles about this technology or has that even been tested yet?  Either way, the gallon/acre yield is phenomenal as compared to the yield from corn, its even theoretically huge in comparison to switchblade grass. 
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Re: Greenhouse gas emissions?cripdyke on 08/01/2007 at 12:50 PM

Posts:9 

greenhouse emissions would be neutral for the fuel created b/c the grass would grow b4 being processed and burned. However the energy of the process to turn switchgrass or another crop into fuel would not necessarily be offset. Eventually, however, this could be a cycle with the vehicles planting and harvesting and transporting the crop and fuel burning fuel from earlier crops. The effectively reduces the fuel per acre gained for the general economy, but makes the whole process carbon neutral and allows other energy that might be used for the processing [like wind generated electricity or some such] to be used for another purpose. 
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Gravity Power Plant Ideaknightconsulting on 08/01/2007 at 7:36 PM

Posts:1 

I like what they're trying to do but it's not clean power - will not the burned gas still generate co2? I invented a gravity power plant that just uses a computer and counter weights to generate electricity. If we could just plug in our cars this would be a clean option once scaled up and perfected. (see link below)http://www.getfirefly.net/hydraulicpowerplant.jpg 
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Re: Gravity Power Plant Ideabvz on 08/02/2007 at 3:10 AM

Posts:1 

Actually, in theory this is a closed loop system - the carbon that is emitted by burning the fuel will then be absorbed by the biomass that is grown to be converted back into fuel.  That is why bio-fuels, even though they emit CO2 at the time of combustion, are essentially carbon neutral energy storage mediums.  Of course, in practice there are issues that may make this not as purely neutral as one would hope (emitting a lot of C02 high in the atmosphere via jet engines vs. near the surface where the plants need it, etc.)As to your hydraulic power idea... I am a bit confused.  In step 4 you state that there is nothing holding the left side weight up... but it isn't up.  It's down because of the water that you added previously.  In fact, as long as the right side weight is "hooked" to the ceiling, the left side won't move at all.  Additionally, once the right side is released it most likely won't move either because the friction in the system will overcome the minute amount of potential energy difference in the two weights.  In fact, the energy used to get the water up to the height of the individual weights will result in a total net loss in the system.It was a neat idea, but unfortunately you are fighting against some very basic laws of physics.  Sorry... 
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CO2 neutrality in Bio-energyjoefargo on 08/03/2007 at 4:26 PM

Posts:1 

The premise that bio-based fuel production is theoretically carbon dioxide neutral because the plants grown absorb the carbon dioxide emitted from burning the fuel seems a little suspect.  If the same land that produces biomass now is to produce biomass for energy production how is it absorbing any more because the biomass is used for energy?  I don't believe we are speaking in terms of any new carbon dioxide sink just because the product is energy?  Taking land that is now perhaps 100% negative carbon dioxide emitting and growing a crop that is converted to some pyro fuel emitting carbon dioxide appears to add carbon dioxide and not be neutral?This is all without considering management of the crop and transport to refinery.  You might have like emissions with any crop.Additionally, we need be careful because the thermal input of choice for ethanol in the Dakotas is becoming coal instead of natural gas.  Ethanol production is a new growth market for coal mines. 
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Thermodynamictyriver on 08/04/2007 at 7:46 AM

Posts:1 

  This article doesn't talk about how this idea theoretically works. I thought of similar idea of synthesizing hydrocarbon molecules directly from CO2 by bio-engineered bacteria, but soon I realized the free energy is positive for this reaction, which means additional energy must be involved. I don't know if they calculate free energy between their material and product. Maybe it's not economical. Though this idea is quite good in the carbon neutrality view. 
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Re: Thermodynamiccarb-H2 on 08/05/2007 at 3:19 PM

Posts:2 

You are right. Renewable petroleum is a bad idea because of its poor energy conversion efficiency.Recall 30-40 years ago, oil was cheap. the Soviet Union made single cell protein from oil not from sugars. If you tried to do everything in reverse way, you should pay poor energy efficiency for the whole system.Time will say that it is hoax. Butanol is much better than hydrocarbon. The better solution is to make hydrogen from sugars. 
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carbohydrate to hydrogencarb-H2 on 08/05/2007 at 3:21 PM

Posts:2 

It will be the best solution considering energy efficiency, costs, environmental impacts, and technology challenges, etc. 
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CO2 neutralitymadsci on 08/06/2007 at 9:59 PM

Posts:3 

joefargo: Ibelieve what you're getting at is there aint no free lunch, nor perpetual motion machines. Let's get the biomass out of the ground and into tanks, not deplete our dwindling aquifers, or pump tons of petrochems to grow it. Shorten the production chain, increase efficiency by pumping in waste CO2, say from a coal plant. As a FORMER "farmer", I found efficiency increased at least four-fold under controlled conditions, but I had to buy the Co2. I'm sure you catch my drift here, but I'm a carpenter, not an engineer. Check out Algaeatwork.com
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use algaedorumi on 10/22/2007 at 1:09 PM

Posts:2 

Why not insert the genes into algae and let the sun be the feedstock? 
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use algaedorumi on 10/22/2007 at 1:18 PM

Posts:2 

Why not insert the genes into algae and let the sun be the feedstock? 
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> From: vision2020-request at moscow.com> Subject: Vision2020 Digest, Vol 22, Issue 43> To: vision2020 at moscow.com> Date: Tue, 15 Apr 2008 11:20:05 -0700> > Send Vision2020 mailing list submissions to> vision2020 at moscow.com> > To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit> http://mailman.fsr.com/mailman/listinfo/vision2020> or, via email, send a message with subject or body 'help' to> vision2020-request at moscow.com> > You can reach the person managing the list at> vision2020-owner at moscow.com> > When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific> than "Re: Contents of Vision2020 digest..."> > > Today's Topics:> > 1. A "Whey" Out Idea for Ethanol (Tom Trail)> > > ----------------------------------------------------------------------> > Message: 1> Date: Tue, 15 Apr 2008 12:18:26 -0600> From: Tom Trail <ttrail at moscow.com>> Subject: [Vision2020] A "Whey" Out Idea for Ethanol> To: vision2020 at mail-gw.fsr.net> Message-ID: <a06240800c42aa193aadb@[192.168.153.200]>> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"> > >Visionaries: An interesting article on making ethanol from whey.> > > Tom Trail> > >> >From: Mike & Brenda Schlepp <farmermike at wildblue.net>> >> >Hello,> >> >In looking over the last issue of Ethanol > >Producer Magazine there was an article on making > >ethanol from "Whey". Because Idaho has become a > >large player in the dairy and cheese industry I > >thought the work this gentleman from Wisconsin > >has done might be of some interest.> >> >Thank you,> >> >Mike Schlepp> >Mike and Brenda Schlepp> >Schlepp Seed Ranch L.L.C.> >26175 South Hwy. 3> >Cataldo, Idaho 83810> >208-689-3593> >> >> >> ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/index.jsp>> >Search Articles > ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/search-articles.jsp>Advanced > >Search> ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/issue.jsp>> >Current Issue> >> ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/index.jsp>Home > ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/issue.jsp>Current > >Issue > ><https://ssl.bbibiofuels.com/subscribe-payment.jsp>Subscribe > >Now > ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/search-articles.jsp>Search > >Archive > ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/digitaleditions.jsp>Digital > >Editions > ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/commodities.jsp>Commodities > ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/events.jsp>Events > ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/plant-list.jsp>Plant > >List > ><http://www.distillersgrainsquarterly.com/>Distillers > >Grains Quarterly > ><http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/>Biodiesel > >Magazine > ><http://www.biomassmagazine.com/>Biomass > >Magazine > ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/advertising-print.jsp>Advertising > ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/contact.jsp>Contact > >Us <http://ethanol-jobs.com/>Jobs> >> >> >> >> ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/ethanol-newsletter/newsletter.jsp>View > >current issue here> >> >> >> >> >> ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/ad-click.jsp?ad_id=353>> >> >> ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/ad-click.jsp?ad_id=284>> ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/article-print.jsp?article_id=3988> > ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/article-print.jsp?article_id=3988>Print > >this> ><'"mailto:?subject=Ethanol-Producer.com Article: > >A Cheaper ?Whey? to Make Ethanol&body=A Cheaper > >?Whey? to Make Ethanol<br>A Wisconsin cheese > >maker is expanding his bacteria-tending skills > >to include nurturing yeast to make ethanol and > >growing algae to pro>Email this> ><javascript:openSideBarArticles(3988);> > ><javascript:openSideBarArticles(3988);>View > >Sidebar Articles> >> >Van Groll has adapted cheese-making equipment. > >The small square bulk milk tank in the > >foreground is used for yeast propagation and the > >milk silo in back is used for fermentation.> ><javascript:Onenext(1677)><-- Previous Image | > ><javascript:Onenext(1674);>Next Image -->> ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/issue.jsp?issue_id=83>From the May 2008 Issue> >> >A Cheaper ?Whey? to Make Ethanol> >> >A Wisconsin cheese maker is expanding his > >bacteria-tending skills to include nurturing > >yeast to make ethanol and growing algae to > >produce oil for biodiesel in an intriguing > >energy-integrated, waste-to-power process.> >By Susanne Retka Schill, Photos by Brian Taylor> >> >People who visit Joe Van Groll?s ethanol plant > >in Stratford, Wis., typically look around and > >say, ?This is it? You don?t have much here.? To > >which he replies, ?Exactly, that?s why I can > >[make ethanol] so cheap.? Van Groll has > >experimented with a whey-to-ethanol process part > >time for more than a decade and full time for > >the past four years. He believes he can produce > >ethanol for less than $1 per gallon. The > >feedstock he uses is whey permeate, the waste > >product of cheese manufacturing. Although it may > >sound more complicated than producing ethanol > >from corn, Van Groll?s philosophy is to avoid > >waste and keep things simple. The energy > >integration he is targeting, however, is > >anything but simple. Besides turning the whey > >permeate into ethanol, he separates and dries > >the yeast coproduct for feed; utilizes the waste > >heat from fermentation and distillation for > >biodiesel production; and is now demonstrating > >that the waste heat, water and carbon dioxide > >can be used to raise oil-bearing algae for > >biodiesel. He can also incorporate an anaerobic > >digester that turns wastes into methane to power > >the process.> >> >While the integration appears complex, the > >machinery is rather basic. The plant relies upon > >the same kind of tanks and liquid transfer > >systems utilized in cheese plants, Van Groll > >says. ?The receiving tanks for the whey permeate > >are milk silos, which become the fermenters,? he > >says. ?We make a couple of pumps do a lot of > >work for us.? The major difference is the > >distillation system for the ethanol process.> >> >> >Article Continues After Advertisement> >> ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/ad-click.jsp?ad_id=299>> >> >> >> >> >Van Groll?s whey-to-ethanol process solves a > >waste disposal problem for the cheese industry, > >and at the same time sidesteps some of the > >criticisms regarding corn ethanol. Whey permeate > >is the liquid that remains after cheese makers > >extract the protein from whey. Large cheese > >makers dry the whey permeate and sell it as a > >feed supplement. Smaller cheese plants often > >can?t justify the capital investment required to > >purchase dryers; furthermore rising energy costs > >are pushing drying costs higher. Each year the > >United States produces 10 billion pounds of > >cheese, which results in 86 billion pounds of > >whey permeate. Wisconsin alone produces about 18 > >billion pounds of whey annually. Because the > >whey permeate has a high biological oxygen > >demand that requires pretreatment before it can > >be disposed of in municipal water treatment > >facilities, much of that permeate is spread onto > >farmers? fields, with the cheese plant paying > >the cost. There is a limit, however, as to how > >much can be dumped on a given field and > >environmental regulators are beginning to > >restrict the practice, Van Groll says. ?My > >process takes a cost center and turns it into a > >profit center,? he says.> >> >With 15 years in the cheese industry, Van Groll > >knows the issues cheese makers are facing. > >During that time, he was often charged with > >making arrangements for disposing of the whey > >permeate. That might have been just the impetus > >he needed to look for new uses for the cheese > >byproduct.> >> >Van Groll and a friend began to experiment by > >making ethanol from the liquid waste starting > >with batches in 5 gallon pails in Van Groll?s > >garage. Four years ago, he purchased the closed > >Grand Meadow Co-op cheese plant at Stratford, > >Wis., to scale his project up to the next level. > >He formed Grand Meadow Energy LLC to hold the > >intellectual property, and DuBay Ingredients LLC > >owns the plant.> >> >Van Groll developed the whey-to-ethanol process > >with help from Clay Boeger, his sole employee > >who contributed his skills as a stainless steel > >fabricator to make modifications as the two > >developed the processes. In their work, they > >established that every 100 gallons of whey > >permeate at 16 percent solids will produce 8 > >gallons of ethanol, 8 pounds of dry yeast, 60 > >pounds of carbon dioxide and 16 gallons of > >water. The energy spent to produce 1 gallon of > >ethanol is 30,000 British thermal units, > >according to Van Groll, which is a favorable > >energy balance compared with ethanol?s 84,000 > >Btus per gallon.> >> >Greener than Corn> >One of the criticisms directed at the corn > >ethanol industry is that it takes about 3 > >gallons of water to make 1 gallon of ethanol. > >Water isn?t an issue when it comes to Van > >Groll?s process. ?Cheese whey permeate is 85 > >percent water to start with,? he explains. No > >water is added, and the water leftover from the > >process is recycled and used for tank washing.> >> >Energy savings can also be achieved, > >particularly when the permeate arrives from the > >cheese plant at 90 degrees Fahrenheit. Sometimes > >the cheese plants chill the permeate to 40 > >degrees for holding, in that case Van Groll says > >to keep energy costs low the waste heat from the > >distillation process should be recycled to heat > >the chilled permeate before fermentation.> >> >The expense and equipment required to carry out > >the saccharification process in a corn-based > >ethanol plant aren?t required in Van Groll?s > >process because whey permeate is primarily water > >and lactose?the form of sugar found in milk. > >While it?s considered a difficult sugar to > >ferment, through trial and error Van Groll > >discovered the right combination of yeasts, > >nutrients and conditions to make it work. ?The > >existing Carberry process is a 30-year-old > >patent using a simple yeast strain, but it could > >only use 10 percent solids with lactose. I can > >use up to 20 percent solids and get a greater > >content of alcohol in a shorter period of time,? > >he says.> >> ><javascript:openSideBarArticles(3988);>View Sidebar Articles> > 1 > ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/article.jsp?article_id=3988&q=&page=2>2 > ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/article.jsp?article_id=3988&q=&page=2>Next > >Page --> > ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/article.jsp?article_id=3988&q=&page=all>View > >Entire Article> >> >Search This Article> >> >> ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/ad-click.jsp?ad_id=323>> >> ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/ad-click.jsp?ad_id=320>> >> ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/ad-click.jsp?ad_id=334>> >> >> >> ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/ad-click.jsp?ad_id=331>> >> ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/ad-click.jsp?ad_id=359>> >> >> ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/index.jsp>Home | > ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/issue.jsp>Current > >Issue | > ><https://ssl.bbibiofuels.com/subscribe-survey.jsp>Subscribe > >Now | > ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/search-articles.jsp>View > >Archives | > ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/commodities.jsp>Commodities > >| > ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/events.jsp>Events > >| > ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/plant-list.jsp>Plant > >List | > ><http://distillersgrainsquarterly.com/>Distillers > >Grains Quarterly | > ><http://biodieselmagazine.com/>Biodiesel > >Magazine | <http://biomassmagazine.com/>Biomass > >Magazine | > ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/advertising.jsp>Advertising > >| > ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/about.jsp>About > >Us | > ><http://www.ethanolproducer.com/contact.jsp>Contact > >Us> >> >308 2nd Avenue North, Suite 304> >Grand Forks, ND 58203> >(701)746-8385 Fax:(701)746-5367> >Subscription Fax:(701)738-4927> >? 2008 BBI International Media> > > -- > Dr. Tom Trail> International Trails> 1375 Mt. 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