[Vision2020] UI not having anti-Islam event

[Bruce and Jean Livingston]

Off-line, I received these articles which offer some of the information that I was hoping to receive.

http://www.theamericanmuslim.org/tam.php/features/articles/judeo_christo_fascism_awareness_week_comes_to_american_campuses/0014850

Judeo-Christo-Fascism Awareness Week Comes to American Campuses! 
Rabbi Arthur Waskow 

Posted Oct 21, 2007     

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Judeo-Christo-Fascism Awareness Week Comes to American Campuses! 

by Rabbi Arthur Waskow 


Did that title make the hair on the back of your neck bristle? Did it feel like a bigoted attack on Christianity and Judaism?  

When the feature film sent out for use in this Week-which focused on the disgusting Christian-led war that killed hundreds of thousands of Iraqis and the disgusting Jewish-led killing of Muslim children by airplane bombng raids on Gaza -- also included interviews with a few peacenik Quakers, Methodists, and left-wing Jews, criticizing that war and those bombings, did you relax, feeling it was a balanced presentation of Judaism and Christianity? 

NO??!! -Your guts, your kishkes, felt that practically all Christians and Jews were being set up as potential - indeed probable- bad guys?  Could-be terrorists who - often manipulated by governments that Christians or Jews controlled--- hated other religious communities but had not yet got around to buying the plastique for their bombs?  

And since Christians are a huge majority in America but Jews are a small minority with a past of being persecuted, did you especially fear for the impact of Judeo-Christo-Fascism Awareness on Jews and Judaism?  That this Week might incite anti-Semitism? 

Did you urge universities to condemn this "travesty" and institute instead a real Judeo-Christian Awareness Week that looked at the wonderful achievements of Christian and Jewish prayer, charity, and social justice; the history of their persecution; AND the history of their violence against others? That did look closely at the murders of Muslims by Baruch/Aror Goldstein - but as an aberration?  And looked at the support of Nazism by the leading respectable Lutheran theologians of Germany as terrible - a mistake? That discussed the genocidal passages of Torah as a long-ago transcended worldview in the light of Hillel's teaching, "Do not do to your neighbor what would be hateful if your neighbor did it to you?" 

Wow. Now THERE'S a concept!- Do not do to your neighbor what would be hateful if your neighbor did it to you! 

So what are you doing about the fact that there is NO such week about to appear on US campuses, but on many campuses this coming week, there WILL appear a whole industrial machine called "Islamofascism Awareness Week"?  

If you think it would be hateful toward you to have somebody produce Judeo-Christo-Fascism Awareness Week, what do you owe your Muslim neighbors?  Or is Hillel's teaching (and of course Jesus' parallel interpretation of "Love your neighbor as yourself") a mere utopian joke aimed at naïve children?  

Are there some Muslims who claim the authority of God to kill and destroy? Yes. Are there some Jews who claim this? Yes. And Christians? Yes. What do we do about this? 

There are two valid responses, aimed at loving connection-making rather than at demonization. One is to learn about what drives SOME of the members of EVERY religious community - even polytheistic Hindus and compassionist Buddhists -to using aggressive violence SOME of the time.  

How do we brighten the threads of peace and justice and healing in ALL our traditions, while bleaching toward calm and caring the fiery blood-red threads of violence in all of them?  Truly, what tugs us toward compassion, what toward war? Scarcities or plenitudes of water, of oil, of safety, of health care, of honor and respect? 

The other path is to learn from and with each other rather than preserving our ghettos of fear and alienation. 

On Labor Day weekend, I had the honor and the pleasure of being one of three rabbis who spoke at the national convention of the Islamic Society of North America -an immense gathering of more than 35,000 American Muslims, held in hotels near Chicago.  ISNA is the umbrella group for American Muslims.  

The other rabbis were Rabbi Eric Yoffie, head of the Reform movement, and Rabbi Ellen Weinberg Dreyfus, vice-president of the Central Conference of American Rabbis (the Reform rabbis), who is slated to be the next president of the CCAR.  Both of them were eloquent, and both were welcomed with excitement and long applause. I will come back to them. 

My own experience was joyful.  I shared a panel on interfaith relations with, among others, Shanta Premawardanha, associate general secretary of the National Council of Churches.  We both spoke about plans for the October 8 Interfaith Fast, and its meaning.  Dr. Sayyid Muhammad Syeed, executive director of ISNA, chaired the session and added his own excitement that Jews and Christians were ready to take part in one day of the Ramadan fast, and his hope that mosques everywhere would welcome others to their prayers. 

And then I went wandering the ISNA bazaar. Books bound in silver. Flimsy pamphlets on how to observe the New Moon. Arabic calligraphy. Jewelled crescent moons. Head scarves. Robes in white, in black, in purple. Meditation beads. Travel agents for trips to Mecca, Karachi, Fez, Istanbul, Nairobi. 

And the people: 

Every shade of skin, every twirl of hair. Jeans. Head scarves. Business suits. Long robes. Full-body covers, leaving only the eyes open to the world - and such eyes!  From one ear, I heard "Asalaamu aleikum." From another ear, "Wossup, bro?" Palestinian-Americans. African-Americans. Kuwaiti-Americans. Indonesian-Americans. Pakistani-Americans. Anglo-Saxon Americans. 

One thing I did not hear, or see: Speeches or conversations or pamphlets that were anti-Jewish, anti-Israeli, anti-Christian. Maybe there were some in Arabic, or other languages. But the lingua franca of the conference was English. 

Oh yes. ISNA, like CAIR (Council on American-Islamic Relations) was named by the US Department of Justice (under Attorney-General Gonzales) an unindicted co-conspirator in a case alleging a Muslim-American charity was funneling aid to Hamas. 

AND - the FBI placed a full-page ad in ISNA's program. 

What is going on here? 

Best-case scenario:  Is the present government of the United States just crazy, does not know its right hand from its left?  Worst-case scenario: is this good-cop/ bad-cop tactics?  The government intimidates Muslims to cooperate with any intrusions the FBI cares to make, by smearing their name until they submit? 

This "unindicted co-conspirator" label is both clever and vile. The government does not even have to persuade a grand jury - almost always ready to do what any prosecutor wants - that there is enough evidence even to begin trial. And once it puts the"co-conspirator" label on someone, there is no way to get acquitted - because you are not standing trial.  

So they stuck this label on ISNA and also on CAIR - the Council on American-Islamic Relations. I have worked with both in efforts to end the Iraq war and to condemn terrorism.  

While ISNA is a broad Islamic umbrella, CAIR is more analogous to the American Jewish Congress when Rabbi Joachim Prinz and later, Rabbi Henry Siegman were its directors and the AJCongress was still vigorously committed to protecting the human rights and civil liberties of Jews as well as of others. 

In that vein, the feisty CAIR has condemned the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories, while in the name of God and Islam it has also condemned terrorist attacks upon Israelis. It has built strong American constituencies in local areas where there are sizeable Muslim communities.  

Result: It is often condemned by those official Jewish organizations that brook no criticism of Israeli governmental policy and actions. It is accused of supporting terrorism although its website is full of condemnations of attacks by Palestinians on Israelis and of Al Qaeda on America. Thank God (and I do mean thank God), centrist American officials have rejected these attacks and have honored CAIR's presence in the fabric of American life - as Governor Ed Rendell of Pennsylvania and former Admiral, now Congressman, Joe Sestak - did when they spoke at the annual CAIR dinner in Philadelphia. 

I have gotten to know the staff of two local CAIR chapters-Philadelphia and Florida - as co-members of the Tent of Abraham, Hagar, and Sarah. Since the Tent (Jews, Christians, and Muslims) meets for extended retreats, sharing our spiritual journeys, our social-change work, and our prayer lives -I have gotten to know them in depth. I have been deeply impressed by them. 

Back to Rabbis Yoffie and Dreyfus at the ISNA convention. Rabbi Dreyfus said, in part: 



  And finally Micah [the Prophet] tells us to walk modestly with our God.  Of course this phrase, like so many others, is open to interpretation.  I read it now to say that God has the power and the answers, and we need to be modest as we walk with God.  In this context I would respectfully suggest that each of our faiths interprets God's will and God's expectations of us differently.  We are only human, and cannot know everything.  By walking modestly with our God, we recognize that we do not have all the truth and all the answers.  I believe in religious pluralism. Pluralism recognizes that others hold truths that I do not share, but even while fundamentally disagreeing on what we hold sacred, we can respect others and their beliefs. This is, of course, very difficult and challenging, since we believe what we believe with great passion and sincerity.  But it is the key to authentic interreligious relationships.  . 

  As we listen to each other, as we weave together the strands of our Abrahamic faiths, we have the potential to face our common challenges, to serve God and humanity. May we continue the conversation as we journey forward together.

She was greeted with long and vigorous applause. For her full text, see -http://www.shalomctr.org/node/1303 


And Rabbi Yoffie, speaking to a plenary session, said: 



  There exists in this country among all Americans - whether Jews, Christians, or non-believers - a huge and profound ignorance about Islam. It is not that stories about Islam are missing from our media; there is no shortage of voices prepared to tell us that fanaticism and intolerance are fundamental to Islamic religion, and that violence and even suicide bombing have deep Koranic roots. There is no lack of so-called experts who are eager to seize on any troubling statement by any Muslim thinker and pin it on Islam as a whole. Thus, it has been far too easy to spread the image of Islam as enemy, as terrorist, as the frightening unknown. 

  How did this happen? 

  How did it happen that Christian fundamentalists, such as Pat Robertson and Franklin Graham, make vicious and public attacks against your religious tradition? 

  How did it happen that when a Muslim congressman takes his oath of office while holding the Koran, Dennis Prager suggests that the congressman is more dangerous to America than the terrorists of 9/11? 

  How did it happen that a member of Congress, Tom Tancredo, now running for President, calls for the bombing of Mecca and Medina? 

  Even more important, how did it happen that law-abiding Muslims in this country can find themselves condemned for dual-loyalty and blamed for the crimes of terrorists they abhor? 

  And how did it happen that in the name of security, Muslim detainees and inmates are exposed to abusive and discriminatory treatment that violates the most fundamental principles of our constitution? 

  One reason that all of this happens is the profound ignorance to which I referred. We know nothing of Islam - nothing. That is why we must educate our members, and we need your help. And we hope in doing so we will set an example for all Americans. 

  Because the time has come put aside what the media says is wrong with Islam and to hear from Muslims themselves what is right with Islam. 

  The time has come to listen to our Muslim neighbors speak, from their heart and in their own words, about the spiritual power of Islam and their love for their religion. 

  The time has come for Americans to learn how far removed Islam is from the perverse distortions of the terrorists who too often dominate the media, subverting Islam's image by professing to speak in its name. 

  The time has come to stand up to the opportunists in our midst - the media figures, religious leaders, and politicians who demonize Muslims and bash Islam, exploiting the fears of their fellow citizens for their own purposes. . 

  We hope to accomplish all this and more with our dialogue program. This dialogue will not be easy. . Because God is God and we are not God, we can recognize that other religions have much to teach us. 

  The dialogue will not be one way, of course. You will teach us about Islam and we will teach you about Judaism. We will help you to overcome stereotyping of Muslims, and you will help us to overcome stereotyping of Jews. 

  We are especially worried now about anti-Semitism and Holocaust denial. Anti-Semitism is not native to Islamic tradition, but a virulent form of it is found today in a number of Islamic societies, and we urgently require your assistance in mobilizing Muslims here and abroad to delegitimize and combat it. 

  A measure of our success will be our ability, each of us, to discuss and confront extremism in our midst. As a Jew I know that our sacred texts, including the Hebrew Bible, are filled with contradictory propositions, and these include passages that appear to promote violence and thus offend our ethical sensibilities. Such texts are to be found in all religions, including Christianity and Islam. 

  The overwhelming majority of Jews reject violence by interpreting these texts in a constructive way, but a tiny, extremist minority chooses destructive interpretations instead, finding in the sacred words a vengeful, hateful God. Especially disturbing is the fact that the moderate majority, at least some of the time, decides to cower in the face of the fanatic minority - perhaps because they seem more authentic, or appear to have greater faith and greater commitment. When this happens, my task as a rabbi is to rally that reasonable, often-silent majority and encourage them to assert the moderate principles that define their beliefs and Judaism's highest ideals. 

  My Christian and Muslim friends tell me that precisely the same dynamic operates in their traditions, and from what I can see, that is manifestly so. Surely, as we know from the headlines, you have what I know must be for you as well as for us an alarming number of extremists of your own - those who kill in the name of God and hijack Islam in the process. 

  It is therefore our collective task to strengthen and inspire one another as we fight the fanatics and work to promote the values of justice and love that are common to both our faiths. 

Rabbi Yoffie's address brought a standing ovation from thousands of Muslims. Even if he had not been representing more than a million American Jews, what he said would have been, IS, profoundly important. For his full text, see - http://www.shalomctr.org/node/1302 

Any honest and Godly assessment of Islam must, in this moment of extreme danger and high promise in our complex histories, include just such words as these. Any program, like the impending "Islamofascism Awareness Week," that does not, is a slap in the face of the Living God we claim to celebrate. 

Rabbi Arthur Waskow, co-author, The Tent of Abraham; director, The Shalom Center http://www.shalomctr.org, which voices a new prophetic agenda in Jewish, multireligious, and American life. To receive the weekly on-line Shalom Report, click on-http://www.shalomctr.org/subscribe 


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'ISLAMO-FASCISM AWARENESS WEEK' STOKES DEBATE - TOP
National Public Radio, 10/21/07

Listen to this story.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15496216


Tempers may flare over Islamo-Fascism Awareness Week. David Horowitz, a '60s anti-war radical who later took a right turn, says he's trying to sound an alarm about radical Islam. His efforts have drawn much criticism.

=======================
Spreading awareness, or attacking a religion? 
By: Gary Leupp
Posted: 10/9/07 (TUFTS-DAILY, MA) 

With much fanfare, the "Terrorism Awareness Project," funded by the David Horowitz Freedom Center, has proclaimed an "Islamo-Fascism Awareness Week" on college campuses beginning Oct. 22. It is a calculated effort to vilify Islam in general, place Muslim Student Associations on the defensive, and generate support for further U.S. military action in the Islamic world.

Muslims constitute about a quarter of the world's population and around two percent of the U.S. population. Muslims are a part of many ethnic groups. Arabs are actually a minority in the Muslim world; the most populous Muslim countries (Indonesia, Pakistan, India) are non-Arab.

The Muslim world is complex and divided religiously (into Sunni, Shiite and other groups) and politically. There are Muslim absolute monarchies, constitutional monarchies, secular states and Islamic republics. To understand this world, one needs to avoid stereotypes and dispassionately examine it. 

But immediately after Sept. 11, the Bush Administration, having no patience for nuance or dispassionate examination, set about trying to link the secular republic of Iraq with the mostly Saudi al-Qaeda terrorists. The Bush Administration believed that, having been attacked by al-Qaeda, Americans would support an attack on the completely unrelated target of Iraq. But what did al-Qaeda and Iraq really have in common, besides a common ancestry?

Al-Qaeda hated Iraq for its suppression of Islamic religious activism and its tolerance of Christians and other religious minorities. Despite this rocky relationship, the administration was somehow able to conflate the two, so that even today about a third of Americans believe Saddam Hussein was involved in Sept. 11.

Those responsible for the Terrorism Awareness Project espouse this view. On Sept. 13, 2001, one of the speakers of "Islamo-Fascism Awareness Week", right-wing extremist Ann Coulter, said in National Review: "We should invade [Muslim] countries, kill their leaders and convert them to Christianity." 

They're joined by secular neoconservatives like Norman Podhoretz, who has called on Bush to bomb Iran, which he calls "currently the main center of the Islamo-fascist ideology." Iran is another country with no ties to Sept. 11 or al-Qaeda, and indeed a mortal enemy of al-Qaeda. But it is another Muslim state in the Bush administration's crosshairs, along with Syria. It is in this context of unbalanced and unsophisticated foreign policy in addition to the threat of American disillusionment with the Iraq War that the radical neoconservatives are pushing for "Islamo-Fascism Awareness Week."

It's the brainchild of David Horowitz, professional "former leftist" and Fox News commentator, proponent of the Iraq War who called one antiwar demonstration in 2002 "100,000 Communists," and author of a book attacking college professors as "far left" in general. 

He founded (as a non-student in his 60s) "Students for Academic Freedom," which insists that conservative students are treated unfairly in academia. Horowitz is known for his 1990s ads in student newspapers protesting calls for reparations for slavery, stating that African-Americans should be thankful that they're here.

In 2003 he maligned Rachel Corrie, killed by an Israeli military bulldozer while protesting a house demolition in Gaza, as a "terrorist" supporter. He is not about spreading "awareness" but selectively focusing on aspects of the Muslim world that might produce sympathy for more U.S.-sponsored "regime change."

The "Islamo-Fascism Awareness Week" strategy is apparently to focus on gender inequality in the Muslim world. Participating students invite women's groups and gay/lesbian groups to get involved, hoping to build a united front of general indignation at Islamic oppression of women and gays.

Of course, in the Muslim world, the status of women varies. There is a big difference between the status of women in Syria and in Saudi Arabia. Recall how Laura Bush made a big deal about the burqa in Afghanistan, implying that the U.S. invasion would somehow remove it? It's still worn by the great majority of Afghan women. It was not invented by the Taliban and has not disappeared just because the U.S. has installed a client regime.

The term "Islamofascism" itself - popularized by Eliot Cohen (Condi Rice's deputy), Frank J. Gaffney and other neoconservative writers for the National Review, and used by President Bush in saber-rattling speeches - is highly problematic. 

It's defined by the New Oxford American Dictionary as "a controversial term equating some modern Islamic movements with the European fascist movements of the early twentieth century."

I teach Japanese fascism in the 1930s and '40s. I discuss different definitions of fascism, pointing out how some seem to fit the Japanese case, while others don't, causing some scholars to even reject application of the term. But there is precious little in any mainstream scholarly definition of fascism that applies to the Islamic world in general or even specific countries.

What "ideology" links the disparate targets of this administration - the al-Qaeda and Taliban Sunni fanatics, the Baathists of Iraq and Syria, the Shiite "mullocracy-guided democracy" of Iran - other than the common denominator of Islam? But you can't in polite company attack Islam in general, so you dub it "Islamofascism."

Those seeking to link contemporary Islam with European fascism emphasize feelings of victimization and dreams of restoring lost glory. But where in the Muslim world is the charismatic leader? Bin Laden? The Baathists and Shiites hate him. Where's the mass-based party? Where's ultranationalism or racism? Islam emphasizes the equality of peoples before God, while the Qur'an explicitly states that righteous Christians and Jews will enter Paradise. 

The real intention here is to couple "Islam" with a powerful epithet, devoid of analytical content, conjuring up images of a universally-detested past. President George W. Bush insists on comparing the constitutionally weak Iranian President Ahmadinejad, leading a country that hasn't attacked another in hundreds of years, with Hitler (as his father compared Saddam to Hitler).

Similarly, the proponents of the "Islamofascism" concept want to play upon emotions rather than really spread "awareness." Their historical analogies are absurd, while their planned week is more than an affront to Muslims. It is an insult to their intelligence. 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
© Copyright 2007 Tufts Daily
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http://www.gwhatchet.com/home/index.cfm?event=displayArticlePrinterFriendly&uStory_id=da9d65d6-2a0a-44e4-89de-ba5a05bbb704
Note:  The GW Hatchet Video is accessible via the website.....

  ----- Original Message ----- 
  From: Bruce and Jean Livingston 
  To: vision2020 at moscow.com 
  Sent: Tuesday, October 23, 2007 11:54 AM
  Subject: [Vision2020] UI not having anti-Islam event


  I noted that there was something being sponsored by a Young Republican club at WSU recently, something about Islamo-fascism, and I have not understood what that was.  Now I note this article in the UI paper, the Argonaut.

  http://www.uiargonaut.com/content/view/4683/48/

  Not having read much if anything about the so-called "Islamo-fascist" movement, I wonder whether the Islamo-fascist movement has been mis-representing Islam and tarring the entire religion with the acts of an extreme faction?  This story in the Argonaut makes me think that is what has been happening, but the story does not say specify the message of hate that the opposers of "Islamo-fascism" are promulgating.  I would like to hear more about this from people who surely have followed this issue much more closely than I.

  I am curious about what is going on with this issue, as I have only heard this term "Islamo-fascism" in the last several weeks, other than seeing the term in a book review that I did not read closely about a year ago.  I assume from the very little I have read about "Islamo-fascism" that the announced aim of the Islamo-fascist movement is to address/publicize/oppose those who practice terrorism in the name of the Islamic religion -- the Bin Laden/Al Queda/Taliban camp.  But it seems, based on the story in the Argonaut, that much more is going on than that, and that good Muslims are being caught in the overbroad net aimed at the terrorists by those who oppose/head-up the "Oppose Islamo-fascism" movement.  As I understand the statements of the Al Quaeda/Bin Laden terrorists, they practice a form of Islam that is anti-thetical to the vast majority of the Islamic world, killing in the name of religion but without the approval of most of the Muslim world.  Essentially, as I understand it, the terrorist, so-called "Al Quaeda" wing of Islam mis-represents and mis-uses Islam as it is understood by the vast majority of Muslims.  

  Am I correct in assuming that the Islamo-fascist movement is castigating all/most Muslims, rather than the small minority of terrorist sects that are murdering in the name of Islam, while violating Islamic law?   Are there any on this list who might elaborate on this issue for me?

  Bruce Livingston

        Written by Jessica Mullins - Argonaut     
        Tuesday, 23 October 2007  
        Community members gather against movement 

        Palouse community members organized events and spread information in response to this week's national "Islamo-Fascism 
        Awareness Week." 

        The movement is intended to promote hostility and hate toward Muslims, Arabs ands people who resemble them, said retired University of Idaho economics professor Ghazi Ghazanfar. "The whole idea is to create more hate and demonize the religion and people," Ghazanfar said. "This is a systematic, well-organized effort in the country."

        The week, part of a "terrorism awareness project," is sponsored by the David Horowitz Freedom Center.  Activities are planned at nearly 100 U.S. universities including Washington State University, but none at UI.  "The movement is unfortunately all over the place," said Andy Neukranz-Butler, UI's human rights compliance officer.  The Web site, www.terrorismawareness.org/islamo-fascism, says the protest is to confront the two "big lies of the political left": that President George W. Bush created the war on terror and that global warming is a greater American danger than the terrorism threat.

        In light of the movement, UI President Tim White re-released the UI civility statement on Oct. 11 to "raise to top-of-mind" UI civility expectations.  The civility statement acknowledges everyone comes from different backgrounds and supports the discussion of different points of view in a civilized manner, Neukranz-Butler said.  The statement says "expressions of hate and intolerance meant to discriminate against entire groups are beneath the ideals that we aspire to at the University of Idaho."  

        While there are no events planned at UI, organizers wanted to prepare, just in case.  "We want to be proactive to include people in community discussion," Neukranz-Butler said. "We would hope things wouldn't get out of hand."   While debate is important, it shouldn't include hateful or fighting words, she said.  "Obviously, good debate is what we want. We just want to do it in a respectful manner," she said. "We want to create an environment where we can talk about it."   The civility statement is appropriate to combat feelings of threats, said Rula Awwad-Rafferty, UI faculty and JUNTURA committee chair.  

        The WSU College Republicans will show the film "Obsession" on Wednesday.  "The film has a lot of nasty things to say about the Muslim religion," Neukranz-Butler said. The film doesn't encourage constructive discussion, she said.  Palouse community members, including Neukranz-Butler, Awwad-Rafferty and Ghazanfar, met and organized events and ads to run in local newspapers in response to the week.  "Regardless of your political orientation or religious orientation, I think knowledge is power and it is important to question information and go to try to find other sources," Awwad-Rafferty said. 

        The efforts in response to the awareness week focus on the unity of the community.  "We all stand together," Awwad-Rafferty said. "If it hurts someone in the community it hurts us all. We combat stereotypes because we believe they hurt all of us no matter where they come from."  Awwad-Rafferty said it is nice how the community came together against the movement.  "I don't think hatred ought to be tolerated anywhere," Awwad-Rafferty said. "But you don't fight hatred with hatred." 

        The Islamic community at UI is growing, Ghazanfar said. Since Sept. 11 more Muslims are returning to the U.S. There are more than 25 Islamic faculty members, he said.  Movements such as this week are extremely counterproductive as far recruiting foreign students, especially from the Islamic world, Ghazanfar said.  "We are doing everything possible and organizing things on campus to create more harmony and unity," he said, "but a group is here to create exclusiveness."  The movement is inflammatory and has incorrect information, Awwad-Rafferty said.  "It is important to assure everybody they will not be harmed," Awwad-Rafferty said. "The fear of being harmed is, in my opinion, equivalent to being harmed."

       



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